[AP World History] Period 1(1200-1450 Review 요약 정리(1)

본 문서는 AP World History를 직접 공부하면서 매 단원별로 요약정리를 해놓은 문서로써, 무단 복제 및 배포는 금합니다. 
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제가 사용하는 교재 및 본 글의 출처는 The Princeton Review의 AP World History: Modern입니다
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Period 1, 1200 to 1450 (1)

Period 1은 Unit 1과 Unit 2로 나눠서 총 2편에 걸쳐서 포스트 될 예정입니다
 

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

A. Review of History Within Civilizations

- Definition: interactions developed between new states
- tremendous growth in long-distance trade
 

B. Overview of the World's Major Religions in 1200

[focus on...]
1. the impact of these systems during the ancient era
2. schisms( divisions ), resulting in a variety of subgroups and sects
3. not only theological or philosophical basis
   + but also impacts each belief system had on social, political, cultural, and military developments
4. where each belief system started and where it spread

Belief System	Cultures that Practiced It	Nuts and Bolts	Broader Impact
Buddhism	Eastern civilization (India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan, Korea)	• founded by Siddharta Gautama    (Hindu prince in Nepal)    the meaning of human suffering    After meditation under the bodhi tree → became Buddha or Enlightened One • no supreme being Four Noble Truths: all life is suffering; suffering is caused by desire; one can be freed of this desire; and one is freed of desire by following a prescribed path • After death of Budda in 483 B.C.E, split into two: Theravada Buddism and Maha-yana Buddism • Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism meditation, simplicity, interpretation of nirvana: renunciation of human consciousness • Mahayana Buddhism complicated, involving greater ritual appealed to people believed Buddha's offering of spiritual comfort wasn't enough hypothesize other forms of salvation possible → openness to the practices of other cultures helps it spread greater area	• reject social hierachies of castes → appealed to lower rank • In India, Buddhism reabsorbed into Hinduism In China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, continues to thrive • spread via trade routes, the cultures of Asia intertwined
Christianity	originally a splinter group of Jews practiced but expanded into non-Jewish community and throughout Europe, northeastern Africa, and parts of the Middle East	• Jesus of Nazareth, a Jewish teacher claimed to be Messiah, religious figure Jews long awaited • devotion to God and love for human beings • The Roman and Jewish leaders made Jesus crucified(30c.e.) followers believed he ascended into heaven, Christianity born • based on both Old and New Testaments • the Son of God, forgiveness of sins, everlasting life, belief in divinity, death, and resurrection of Christ • personal and sovereign God, world fallen from harmony with God's will • seek to know God, worship him, practice love and service to him and others	• regardless of personal circumstances, lower classes and women • Mediterranean basin •persecution, official religion of the Roman Empire • Christianity and empire profoundly affect developments in a large segment of the world
Confucianism	the Chinese culture widely practiced around 400b.c.e. onward	• educator and political advisor • Analects • moral and ethical also practical deal how to restore political and social order • five fundamental relationship, building blocks of society: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend • each lives up obligations, society is orderly and predictable	• compatible with other religions • flexibility enabled flourish government leaders embraced • Chinese culture communities became tight-knit • did not impact on the rest of the world evolved only within the context of the Chinese culture
Hinduism	Indian subcontinent	• one supreme called Brahma, the creator, in all things Hindu gods are manifestation of Brahma-Vishnu, the preserver, Shiva, the destroyer • life goal=merge with Brahma cycling life - caste • dharma moksha, the highest state of being, perfect internal peace and release of the soul •no central sacred text the Vedas and the Upanishads	• social system—the cast sustem • close identification with the caste and the Indian social structure and customs have prevented its acceptance in other parts of the world • modern Hindu begins to rebel, still remains powerful force as a whold • later spawned another religion—Buddhism
Islam	Followers of Islam, Muslims lived under the caliphates in the Middle East, though quickly spread to North Africa, central Asia, parts of Europe	• 17th century new monotheistic faith took hold in the M.E. • Muslims believe Allah transmit words to Muhammad, Qu'ran • salvation-submission to the will of God Five Pillars of Islam: confession of faith; prayer five minutes per day; charity to the needy; fasting during the holy month of Ramadan; and pilgrimage to Mecca • two groups: Shia and Sunni occurred over disagreement about who should succeed Muhammad	•city of Mecca → other parts of M.E. beyond under the Umayyad Dynasty •Umayyad Dynasty replace with Abbasid Dynasty around 750, continue growth of Dar al Islam
Judaism	Hebrews, tribes from the M.E., were original practitioners of Judaism	• God selected a group of people, the Hebrews, the first of the great monotheistic faith • not centered, afterlife, traditions, doctrines, philosophy, at the center awareness of a unique relationship with God •destiny is paradise •Hebrew Bible, Torah, basis of the Old Testament in Christianity •accounts of miracles, laws, historical chronicles, sacred poetry, and prophecies both a set of religious guidelines and a cultural system	• the first of the major monotheistic faith it spawned the other two major monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam

C. Developments in the Middle East
The Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember

- reigned from 750 to 1258 C.E., until Islamic Empire was defeated by Mongols
- golden age: early- to min-9th century → arts and science flourished
- Bagdad: House of Wisdom(destructed by Mongols) Nasir al-Din al-Tusi → center for innovations in mathematics and medicine
- scholars preserved knowledge from Ancient Greece and Rome, retransmitting it to Europe(as Muslim contact with Europe increased)
- Islamic Empire was built around trade → free burden of carrying coins → developed s system of itemized receipt and bills

Decline of the Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions

- Internal struggles can civil war: differences between the Sunni and Shia sects, and ethnic differences → destabilize the central authority and cut tax revenue
- Turkish warriors established a new capital at Samarra in central Iraq // a new Shia dynasty in northern Iran // constant threats from the Seljuk Turks
- external foes: the Persians, Europeans, and Byzantines
- During the Crusade in 1258 Mongols signaled the end of the Abbasid Dynasty (people would flee to Egypt)
- the Ottoman Turks would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state, last until 1918.

D. Developments in Europe
E. The Emergence of Nation States
F. Developments in Asia
G. Developments in Africa
H. Developments in the Americas

 
Ask yourself after studying Unit 1 ( p133 on AP World History: Modern, The Princeton Review)
1. Do cultural areas, as opposed to states or empires, better represent history? Cultural areas are those that share a common culture and don't necessarily respect geographical limitations. States, like city-states, nation-states (countries), and empires, have political boundaries, even if those boundaries aren't entirely agreed upon.
 
2. How does the environment impact human decision making? Pay attention to the way states respond to environmental changes. Do they move or send out raiding parties? Are they able to respond quickly and successfully to environmental changes?

 

Reference: The Princeton Review, AP World History: Modern
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